Interestingly, both the exposure of PBMCs to 500 nm and 3 μm influenza conjugates resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of CD4+ T cells producing IFNγ and TNFα (Figure 6a,b) and in total amounts of these cytokines (Figure 6d,e) compared to exposure of PBMCs to unconjugated particles. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and influenza.