In a randomized controlled trial on subjects with type 2 diabetes, increasing fruit and vegetable intake for 8 weeks resulted in a rise in carotenoids (α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene) in serum, HDL2, and HDL3, which was accompanied by an increase in PON1 activity in serum and HDL3 [88]. This evidence concerns the gene PON1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.