TGFB1 and infection: Infection was induced using methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An investigation was also done to study the effect of Moringa extract on the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) gene expression in vitro using human keratinocytes (HaCaT).