TGFBR1 and scoliosis: Pectus excavatum and scoliosis have also been described in other connective tissue disorders, such as Loeys–Dietz syndrome (LDS, due to gain-of-function mutation of transforming growth factor-beta receptors 1/2—TGFβR1/2) and Shprintzen–Goldberg Syndrome (SGS, due to mutation of the Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI) protein, a downstream inhibitor of TGFβ signaling) [83].