Conversely, CF mucus becomes dehydrated due to lack of ionic exchange, and this is compounded by the upregulation of MUC5AC and MUC5B gene expression, which increases solid content from 3% in healthy mucus to 15% in CF mucus, resulting in dehydration of the mucus layer and insufficient clearance by mucociliary action [10,11]. Here, MUC5AC is linked to cystic fibrosis.