This correlation has been suggested by Principe and collaborators who described that selective TGF-beta inhibition in CD8+ T-cells leads to regression of neoplastic disease, while systemic blockade of TGF-beta signaling via the drug galunisertib fails to promote cytotoxicity due to compensatory upregulation of PD-L1 on the cancer epithelium, failing to promote a substantial antitumor immune response. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.