Additionally, IFN-γ has been reported to aggravate goblet cell loss through the suppression of IL-13 signaling via multiple mechanisms, such as interrupting the expression of the SAM-pointed domain epithelial-specific transcription factor (SPDEF), which is essential for goblet cell differentiation, epithelial apoptosis and keratinization of the conjunctival epithelium via the JAK1/2 pathways, as shown in dry eye models. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is Keratoconjunctivitis sicca.