In univariable regression analyses, age, parental history of diabetes, BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medication, FPG, insulin, C-peptide, and UAE were positively associated with proinsulin, whereas female sex, HDL-C, and eGFR were inversely associated with proinsulin. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.