By activating two distinct pathways dependent on both ERK and JNK, PDGF-D induces CAFs to potently release VEGF-A and VEGF-C, which in turn stimulate LEC accumulation in the TME and their assembly in newly formed vascular conduits abutting tumoral ducts (Figure 2) that are proficient for tumor cell invasion [31]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFC and neoplasm.