TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Research based on SLE patients demonstrated that microparticle-immune complexes (MP-IC) from patients with SLE favored the polarization of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) into a proinflammatory profile that promotes IFN-γ+CD4+, TNF-α+CD4+, and IFN-γ+CD8+ T-cell increase, and additionally induces B-cell activation and survival.