Key pathways related to cancer are subjected to SUMO control, such as the cell cycle-associated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, the immune response-associated NF-κB and JAK-STAT pathways, the mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinases MAPK/ERK cascade, TGFβ signaling and EMT pathway in metastasis, the development-associated Wnt/β-catenin pathway, the hypoxia-associated HIF1/2-mediated response and stress-associated pathways, among others [56,58]. The gene discussed is HIF1A; the disease is cancer.