APP and Alzheimer disease: Excess Cu speeds up some early AD events, such as the induction of aggregation of Aβ peptides via enhancing the amyloidogenic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the hyperphosphorylation of Tau by stimulating GSK3β kinase, disturbing brain function of wild-type mice and exacerbating neurodegenerative changes in a mouse model of AD [50].