SPHK1 and Parkinson disease: Pyszko and collaborators demonstrated that in in vitro experimental PD models, the inhibition of SphKs increases α-synuclein secretion, suppresses PI3K/Akt activation and activates the gene expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, strongly suggesting that SphK1 inhibition plays an important role in caspase-dependent apoptotic neuronal death [96].