HK1 and Alzheimer disease: In an attempt to understand the exact mechanism by which the association of HK1 with VDAC1 has a metabolic advantage by suppressing apoptosis, we started from the observation that, in AD (1), there is a metabolic shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis (the so-called Warburg effect) and (2) that glucose metabolism is enhanced with the upregulation of key proteins that they internalize and metabolize glucose itself, like HK-1, while there is a parallel decrease in oxygen consumption by the mitochondria [110].