VDR and inflammatory bowel disease: A vitamin D-deficient diet contributes to IBD through the following epigenetic mechanisms: (1) increase in miR-142-3p expression in intestinal tissues leading to autophagy dysregulation [302]; (2) reduction of the interaction between VDR and HDAC11, an important complex for the maintenance of the epithelial barrier [303], and (3) the upregulation of miR-125b expression and reduction of M1 macrophage polarization to the M2 subtype [304].