There are promising urinary biomarkers (e.g., KIM-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) which reflect proximal tubule injury, inflammation and fibrosis in CKD, although it remains uncertain whether these biomarkers could be reliably expressed in urinary exfoliated PTCs [65,66]. This evidence concerns the gene HAVCR1 and chronic kidney disease.