IRS1 and Insulin resistance: In a palmitate-induced insulin resistance HepG2 cell model, TFs significantly increased glucose uptake and recovered the mitochondrial function, followed by upregulation of total membrane-bound glucose transporter protein 4 (GLUT4) and phosphorylated Akt (Ser473) levels, and the downregulation of PGC-1β mRNA levels and IRS-1 Ser307 phosphorylation levels [50].