DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Transcriptional changes in the muscles of young mdx mice compared to controls have been well-documented, with many studies revealing a consistent pattern of hundreds of differentially expressed genes in mdx muscle, the overwhelming majority of these being upregulated transcripts involved in the immune response, phagocytosis, ECM, and wound healing/regeneration processes [30,31,32,33,34]; thus, even though the mutation of a single gene (dystrophin) initiates the DMD myopathy, a complex immunological process ensues that contributes to the disease progression.