Similar to the studies about plant-derived EVs, in the case of per os administration of human and bovine milk-derived EVs, the alleviation of symptoms of DSS-induced colitis has also been described in mice and included earlier weight gain and less pronounced shortening of the colon together with downregulated expression of genes for proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, and increased levels of TGF-β1 protein in the colon [70]. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.