However, as the tumor advances in malignant progression, mutations in the TGF-β receptor system render the cancer cells unresponsive to the cytokine and to TGF-β through its multiple effects on non-malignant stromal cells, such as evasion of immune surveillance, creating a tumor-promoting factor that leads to increased invasion and metastasis [11]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.