TLR4 and lung cancer: Studies showed that E. coli induce lung cancer cell movement, adherence, and metastasis through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling via suppressing TLR4 (Eritoran), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation [266].