TGFB1 and urinary bladder carcinoma: In the present study, we found that TGFβ induced Smad 2/3 and Smad 1/5 phosphorylation in the human bladder carcinoma cells (Figure 1, Figure 3 and Figure 5), which is in line with the findings in early reports on epithelial and stromal cells of several different organs, including the bladder [41,46,47,48,49,50].