NDRG1 and urinary bladder carcinoma: Our recent study revealed that CAPE treatment inhibits proliferation, invasion, and tumor formation of bladder carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo by upregulating GDF15; moreover, the CAPE–induced treatment on the mapsin and NDRG1 expressions is GDF15 dependent, which is activated via the MAPK or AMPK signaling pathway [6].