Previous in vitro studies have revealed that estrogen receptors-α were expressed in MM cells and anti-estrogen agents (e.g., tamoxifen) inhibited the proliferation of MM cells inducing MM cell apoptosis, although estrogen did not significantly alter MM cell proliferation [45] suggesting that difference in estrogen levels according to menopause is less likely to change the association between lipid profiles and risk of MM. The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is Miyoshi myopathy.