Multiple mechanisms have been proposed in prior studies investigating the role of estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) in kidney diseases [39], including antioxidative stress of silent mating-type information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) [40], possible antifibrotic effects, and protection from the damaging effects of testosterone [41] in different animal models of AKI and CKD. This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and chronic kidney disease.