TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: As for bDMARDs, available evidence, which is based mainly on cross-sectional and retrospective studies, suggests that rituximab and abatacept could be the safest drugs for the treatment of RA-ILD [20,21,25,26,27,28], whereas anti-tumor necrosis factor blockers (anti-TNF) may be associated with a risk of worsening of pre-existing RA-ILD [22].