CCL2 and neoplasm: This study found that IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-17, CCL2, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were gradually upregulated through the post-surgical period and reached maximum expression on days 14 and 21 after tumor resection (Figure 2A).