CSF2 and neoplasm: Based on the dynamics of expression, all myeloid cell cytokines can be divided into three groups: (1) those upregulated at the site of tumor resection as an immediate response to surgical intervention and then downregulated with healing of the cavity (IL-1α and IL-13), (2) those upregulated after tumor resection and then having sustained upregulation during tumor regrowth (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-17, CCL2, GM-CSF, and IFNγ), and (3) those demonstrating delayed elevation of expression correlated with tumor regrowth (VEGF and IL-12).