TNF and glioma: Previous studies have reported that TIM express a mixture of genes and markers in advanced glioma tumors [26,27], which reflect two types of inflammation: T helper (Th1)-related type I inflammation leading to natural killer (NK) cell activation through production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12, and Th2-response type II inflammation, which induces regulatory T cells (Treg) through the production of IL-10 and VEGF, Th2 immunoregulation, matrix deposition, and tissue remodeling [13,27].