THBS4 and inflammatory bowel disease: Genes such as collagenase 3 (MMP13), dual oxidase maturation factor 2 (DUOXA2), ceruloplasmin (CP), UMP-CMP kinase 2, mitochondrial (CMPK2), thrombospondin-4 (THBS4), and interleukin-8 (CXCL8) showed elevated levels of activity in the IBD colonoids after LPS treatment while the colonoids exposed to LPS had decreased expressions of abl interactor 2 (ABI2), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E3 (UBE2E3), echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 2 (EML2), extracellular sulfatase Sulf-2-like (SULF2), and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 6 (ENPP6) genes (Figure 4).