IFNG and cancer: At the cancer context, IFNγ was found to have anti-malignancy as well as pro-malignancy effects, the latter partly mediated by the ability of this cytokine to promote PD-L1 expression in immune and tumor cells; moreover, under certain conditions, IFNγ can turn into a potent pro-inflammatory factor that contributes to cancer progression [34,35,36,37,38,39,40].