TNF and neoplasm: Within the inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME), the potent pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) generally have major tumor- and metastasis-supporting roles; the pro-cancer functions of these two cytokines are diverse, affecting the cancer cells and the TME [11,12,16,17,18,19,20,21,22].