CCL5 and neoplasm: Taken together with our published findings showing that increased PD-L1 expression by TNBC cells leads to elevated levels of the exact same pro-metastatic chemokines (CXCL8, CXCL1 and CCL5 [66]), our data suggest that PD-L1-induced down-regulation of cell-derived sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 leads to up-regulation of pro-metastatic chemokines that contribute to chronic inflammation at the tumor site.