In vivo, it is possible that SNS-032-promoted upregulation of PD-L1 by surviving cancer cells may: (a) restrict the activation of immune cells recruited to the TME via the PD-L1-PD-1 axis, and (b) simultaneously allow avelumab to function against PD-L1-expressing cancer cells via effector functions or by the disruption of the PD-1-PD-L1 axis to reverse immunosuppression. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is cancer.