TNF and peptic ulcer disease: Is significantly higher in H.-pylori-positive patients without nodular gastritis [48]Is an indicator of the severity of tissue damage in patients with peptic ulcers [86]Impacts the NF-κB pathway [50] → a bridge between H. pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesisH. pylori secretes a protein that is meant to stimulate TNF-α production, namely, the TNF-α-inducing protein (Tipα), which will enable H. pylori to act as a tumor promoter [100]; this protein is a contributor of H.-pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis