CAT and atherosclerosis: Interestingly, adenovirus-mediated Cat+/+ in human aortic ECs in vitro reduces ox-LDL-induced O2•− and apoptosis via Jun N-terminal kinase inhibition and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, which are downstream effectors of mitogen activator protein kinase [95], with the latter being involved in atherosclerosis development in mice.