TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: In a resiquimod-induced SLE mouse model, treatment with 4-PBA significantly mitigated ER stress signaling, attenuated splenomegaly—a common clinical manifestation in SLE -, reduced levels of TNF-α and anti-dsDNA, significantly ameliorated LN, reduced proportion of activated T and B lymphocytes and improved Treg-dependent immune suppression [39].