Considering the high prevalence of gout/hyperuricemia in CKD, the potential links between gout/hyperuricemia, kidney disease progression and CVD in CKD, and that allopurinol is the most commonly prescribed urate-lowering agent for the treatment of gout/hyperuricemia and in clinical trials [18,19], we sought to evaluate the effects of allopurinol on XO activity in patients with CKD. Here, XDH is linked to gout.