SIRT1 and endothelial dysfunction: TMS exerted protective effects against endothelial dysfunction (consisting of ER stress and oxidative stress induced by high glucose), in both mouse aortas ex vivo and RAECs in vitro, through activation of the AMPK/SIRT1/eNOS pathway, which was further confirmed in vivo in a high-fat, diet-induced, diabetic and obese mouse model.