XBP1 and endothelial dysfunction: Although the effects of TUDCA on blood pressure in pregnancy are not well established, research in non-pregnant animal models has demonstrated that TUDCA, by alleviating ER stress (i.e., reduced expression of markers such as GRP78, phospho-eIF2α, CHOP, IRE1, XBP1, and ATF6) decreases blood pressure, reduces arterial stiffness, and improves endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats [56,63,64].