Numerous studies have shown that ERS can regulate the immune function of DCs, including cytokine production, DC maturation, antigen presentation and tumour immune response, by using an inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α/X-box-binding protein 1 (IRE1α/XBP1) signalling axis and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) [14,15,16,17]. This evidence concerns the gene XBP1 and neoplasm.