TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Both in vitro and in vivo studies have reported the regulation of PAI-1, SAA, and CRP expression to be closely influenced by the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as hormones such as GCs which are also associated with insulin resistance and T2D [107,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179].