In view of conflicting findings from separate studies [13,14], and a knowledge gap in an important patient population of type 2 diabetes that has not been closely examined, we performed a time-to-event meta-analysis to determine the impact of elevated GDF-15 levels on incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) [15] including HF, and all-cause mortality, and demonstrated the successful application of a validated mathematical approach to harmonize HRs for the different measurements of GDF-15 concentration. Here, GDF15 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.