A meta-analysis compared cytokine profiles in the GCF of chronic periodontitis patients with and without obesity and reported significantly higher levels of GCF TNF-α, resistin, and IL-1β in obese periodontitis patients, suggesting a higher level of localized inflammation and a driver of bone loss in the latter [114] (methodological quality: Table S2). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.