INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The first trial of autologous BM-MSCs transplantation for T1D has started in 2010 at Uppsala University Hospital (NCT01068951); 20 adult patients with newly diagnosed T1D received combined BM-MSCs/insulin or insulin only, which resulted in a preserved or even increased C-peptide response in BM-MSC-treated patients without any discernible side effects during the 1-year study period.