The TWAS analysis identified 200 genes associated with AMD, confirming known associations for AMD, including in the CFH and ARMS2/HTRA1 loci, and also identifying 38 novel genes associated with geographic atrophy, including IDH2 a new potential causal genes for AMD, given its role in mitochondrial biology and in protecting against oxidative damage118. Here, ARMS2 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.