Further, various metabolic pathways were upregulated in the geographic atrophy cohort, including for the retinoid metabolism (RETSAT, RDH11, RDH13, Fig. 3d), and reduced expression of the retinoic acid-binding protein CRABP1 - the most decreased protein in the geographic atrophy cohort); lipid including cholesterol metabolism (MLYCD, CYP20A1, CYP27A1, ACOT1, HSD17B12, TECR, KDSR, APOE, DHRS13, Fig. 3e, f), and gluconeogenesis and glycolysis (ALDOA, ENO3, Fig. 3g). Here, CRABP1 is linked to atrophic macular degeneration.