TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: A significant increase in cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α, which are known to play a critical role in ARDS, was seen during the induction of ARDS in plasma and in BALF as expected, confirming the disease model (n = 12, Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Figs. 1, 4).