For example, UPECs were shown to interfere at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity: after contact with UPECs during urinary tract infections (UTIs), tissue resident mast cells secrete high amounts of interleukin-10 (IL-10), an immunosuppressive cytokine (Chan et al., 2013), that drives the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Hsu et al., 2015). The gene discussed is IL10; the disease is urinary tract infection.