Along the same lines, combination of PD-L1 blockade with the CTLA4 inhibitor ipilimumab is currently not approved for stage III NSCLC patients, but CTLA4 expression in this cohort was significantly higher in stage III tumors, although we acknowledge that expression of targets does not always correlate with more favorable responses and the potential for increased toxicity with dual CTLA4 blockade is a consideration. Here, CTLA4 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.