This effect may include soluble factor release, including growth factors or cytokines, or via the release of lipid microvesicles.27, 28 Studies have demonstrated MSC response to chemokines, such as SDF-1 and MCF-329, 30 and inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, and IL-1α are required to induce immunosuppression by MSCs through the concerted action of chemokines and NO.31 Therefore, MSCs may be particularly suited to exerting their effect on inflamed lungs, such as with chronic lung allograft dysfunction. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and chronic lung allograft dysfunction.