CD4 and AL amyloidosis: Although there is no evidence that the IL-32 receptor proteinase 3 is expressed on the surface of T cells (31), several studies have shown that IL-32 modulates T cell immune responses through macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), such as IL-32 activating intratumoral DCs and macrophages that recruit CD8+ T cells in melanoma (32) and IL-32 inhibiting CD4+ T cell proliferation in multiple myeloma through macrophages (33).