PTEN and cancer: In relation to cancer, miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of various forms of cancers through regulating the activity of intracellular signaling molecules such as MAPK, PI3K/PTEN, NFƙB, TGFβ, Notch, and Hedgehog, which are involved in controlling multiple processes including proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis [[10], [11], [12], [13]].