The Cox proportional hazard model revealed that patients with PD who had inward deformation in the right or left thalamus from an early stage had a higher risk of developing early-onset LID after controlling for the covariates, including DAT availability in the posterior putamen (left thalamus, HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51–0.95; P = 0.023; right thalamus, HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46–0.90, P = 0.009; Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table S3). Here, SLC6A3 is linked to Parkinson disease.