INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Although elavated phenylalanine and F-K1057/1079 or reduced SIRT1 levels are negatively correlated with insulin signaling activation and glucose uptake and positively correlated with T2D onset, consistent with SIRT1 ameliorating insulin resistance39, no correlations were found between T2D onset and FARSA levels, a positive regulator of F-K1057/1079, whose overexpression promoted insulin resistance in mice.