Also, Svete and colleagues [43] reported a concentration of TNF-α significantly higher in dogs in CHF compared to those not in CHF when considering a group of patients with MMVD and dilated cardiomyopathy; another study failed to show differences in IL-6, TNF-α, and several other cytokines in the different ACVIM stages, without correlation with the echocardiographic parameters suggestive of cardiac remodeling [44]. Here, TNF is linked to congestive heart failure.